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Do You Know What Percentage of the Federal Budget Goes to the National Endowment for the Arts

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Independent agency of the The states federal government

National Endowment for the Arts
National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) Logo 2018 Square on Black.svg
Bureau overview
Formed 1965
Jurisdiction Federal government of the U.s.a.
Headquarters Constitution Heart, Washington, D.C.
Annual upkeep $162,250,000 USD (2020)
Agency executive
  • Maria Rosario Jackson, Chairman[1]
Website arts.gov

The National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) is an independent bureau of the United States federal government that offers support and funding for projects exhibiting artistic excellence.[2] It was created by an human activity of the U.South. Congress in 1965 every bit an independent agency of the federal government. The bureau was created by an human action of the U.S. Congress and signed by President Lyndon B. Johnson on September 29, 1965 (20 U.S.C. 951).[three] The foundation consists of the National Endowment for the Arts, the National Endowment for the Humanities, the Federal Council on the Arts and the Humanities, and the Institute of Museum and Library Services.

The NEA has its offices in Washington, D.C. Information technology was awarded Tony Honors for Excellence in Theatre in 1995, likewise equally the Special Tony Award in 2016.[4] In 1985, the Arts Endowment won an honorary Oscar from the Academy of Movement Movie Arts and Sciences for its work with the American Film Establish in the identification, acquisition, restoration and preservation of celebrated films.[v] Additionally, in 2016 and again in 2017, the National Endowment for the Arts received Emmy nominations from the Television receiver Academy in the Outstanding Brusque Class Nonfiction or Reality Serial category.[6]

History and Purpose [edit]

The National Endowment for the Arts was created during the term of President Lyndon B. Johnson under the general auspices of the Great Social club. According to historian Karen Patricia Heath, "Johnson personally was not much interested in the acquisition of noesis, cultural or otherwise, for its own sake, nor did he have fourth dimension for fine art appreciation or meeting with artists."[7]

The NEA is "dedicated to supporting excellence in the arts, both new and established; bringing the arts to all Americans; and providing leadership in arts education".[2]

Grants [edit]

Between 1965 and 2008, the agency has made in excess of 128,000 grants, totaling more than $5 billion. From the mid-1980s to the mid-1990s, Congress granted the NEA an almanac funding of between $160 and $180 million. In 1996, Congress cut the NEA funding to $99.5 one thousand thousand as a result of pressure from bourgeois groups, including the American Family Association, who criticized the agency for using taxation dollars to fund highly controversial artists such as Barbara DeGenevieve, Andres Serrano, Robert Mapplethorpe, and the performance artists known as the "NEA Four". Since 1996, the NEA has partially rebounded with a 2015 upkeep of $146.21 million.[8] For FY 2010, the budget reached the level it was at during the mid-1990s at $167.5 million[9] simply fell again in FY 2011 with a budget of $154 million.[nine]

Governance [edit]

The NEA is governed by a chairman nominated by the president to a four-year term and subject to congressional confirmation.[10] The NEA'due south informational committee, the National Council on the Arts, advises the Chairman on policies and programs, every bit well as reviewing grant applications, fundraising guidelines, and leadership initiative. This torso consists of 14 individuals appointed by the President for their expertise and knowledge in the arts, in addition to vi ex officio members of Congress who serve in a non-voting capacity.[11]

Grantmaking [edit]

The NEA offers grants in the categories of: 1) grants for arts projects, 2) national initiatives, and 3) partnership agreements. Grants for arts projects support exemplary projects in the discipline categories of artist communities, arts education, dance, design, folk and traditional arts, literature, local arts agencies, media arts, museums, music, musical theater, opera, presenting (including multidisciplinary art forms), theater, and visual arts. The NEA besides grants individual fellowships in literature to creative writers and translators of infrequent talent in the areas of prose and poetry.

The NEA has partnerships in the areas of state and regional, federal, international activities, and design. The state arts agencies and regional arts organizations are the NEA's primary partners in serving the American people through the arts. 40 percent of all NEA funding goes to the country arts agencies and regional arts organizations. Additionally, the NEA awards three Lifetime Honors: NEA National Heritage Fellowships to master folk and traditional artists, NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships to jazz musicians and advocates, and NEA Opera Honors to individuals who accept made extraordinary contributions to opera in the United States. The NEA besides manages the National Medal of Arts, awarded annually by the President.

Relative telescopic of funding [edit]

Artist William Powhida has noted that "in one single auction, wealthy collectors bought virtually a billion dollars in contemporary art at Christie's in New York." He further commented: "If you had a two percent tax just on the auctions in New York you could probably double the NEA budget in ii nights."[12]

Lifetime honors [edit]

The NEA is the federal agency responsible for recognizing outstanding achievement in the arts. It does this by awarding three lifetime achievement awards. The NEA Jazz Masters Fellowships are awarded to individuals who take fabricated significant contributions to the art of jazz. The NEA National Heritage Fellowships are awarded for artistic excellence and accomplishments for American'due south folk and traditional arts. The National Medal of Arts is awarded by the President of the The states and NEA for outstanding contributions to the excellence, growth, support, and availability of the arts in the Usa.

Controversy [edit]

1981 attempts to abolish [edit]

Upon entering office in 1981, the incoming Ronald Reagan administration intended to push Congress to abolish the NEA completely over a three-year period. Reagan's showtime managing director of the Office of Management and Budget, David A. Stockman, thought the NEA and the National Endowment for the Humanities were "good [departments] to only bring to a halt because they went too far, and they would be piece of cake to defeat." Another proposal would accept halved the arts endowment upkeep. However, these plans were abandoned when the President'south special task force on the arts and humanities, which included close Reagan allies such as conservatives Charlton Heston and Joseph Coors, discovered "the needs involved and benefits of by assist," concluding that continued federal support was of import. Frank Hodsoll became the chairman of the NEA in 1981, and while the section's budget decreased from $158.eight million in 1981 to $143.5 million, by 1989 it was $169.1 1000000, the highest it had ever been.[13] [xiv] [15]

1989 objections [edit]

In 1989, Donald Wildmon of the American Family Clan held a press conference attacking what he called "anti-Christian bigotry," in an exhibition by lensman Andres Serrano. The work at the heart of the controversy was Piss Christ, a photo of a plastic crucifix submerged in a vial of an amber fluid described by the artist as his own urine.[16] Republican Senators Jesse Helms and Al D'Amato began to rally against the NEA, and expanded the attack to include other artists. Prominent bourgeois Christian figures including Pat Robertson of the 700 Social club and Pat Buchanan joined the attacks. Republican representative Dick Armey, an opponent of federal arts funding, began to attack a planned exhibition of photographs by Robert Mapplethorpe at the Corcoran Museum of Fine art that was to receive NEA support.

On June 12, 1989, The Corcoran cancelled the Mapplethorpe exhibition, maxim that it did not want to "adversely bear on the NEA'south congressional appropriations." The Washington Project for the Arts later hosted the Mapplethorpe show. The cancellation was highly criticized and in September, 1989, the Director of the Corcoran gallery, Christina Orr-Cahill, issued a formal statement of apology saying, "The Corcoran Gallery of Art in attempting to defuse the NEA funding controversy past removing itself from the political spotlight, has instead constitute itself in the center of controversy. By withdrawing from the Mapplethorpe exhibition, we, the board of trustees and the director, have inadvertently offended many members of the arts customs which nosotros securely regret. Our course in the hereafter volition be to support art, artists and freedom of expression."[17]

Democrat representative Pat Williams, chairman of the Business firm subcommittee with jurisdiction over the NEA reauthorization, partnered with republican Tom Coleman to formulate a compromise pecker to save the Endowment. The Williams-Coleman substitute increased funding to states arts councils for new programs to expand access to the arts in rural and inner metropolis areas, exit the obscenity decision to the courts, and altered the limerick of the review panels to increase diversity of representation and eradicate the possibility of conflicts of involvement.[18] After fierce contend, the language embodied in the Williams-Coleman substitute prevailed and subsequently became law.[19]

Though this controversy inspired congressional argue about appropriations to the NEA, including proposed restrictions on the content of NEA-supported work and their grantmaking guidelines, efforts to defund the NEA failed.[20]

1990 operation artists vetoed [edit]

Bourgeois media connected to set on individual artists whose NEA-supported piece of work was deemed controversial. The "NEA Four", Karen Finley, Tim Miller, John Scrap, and Holly Hughes, were operation artists whose proposed grants from the United states authorities's National Endowment for the Arts (NEA) were vetoed by John Frohnmayer in June 1990. Grants were overtly vetoed on the ground of subject affair after the artists had successfully passed through a peer review process. The artists won their instance in court in 1993 and were awarded amounts equal to the grant money in question, though the case would make its fashion to the United States Supreme Courtroom in National Endowment for the Arts 5. Finley.[21] The case centered on subsection (d)(i) of xx The statesC. § 954 which provides that the NEA Chairperson shall ensure that creative excellence and artistic merit are the criteria by which applications are judged. The court ruled in 524 U.S. 569 (1998), that Section 954(d)(1) is facially valid, as it neither inherently interferes with First Subpoena rights nor violates constitutional vagueness principles.

1995–1997 congressional attacks [edit]

The 1994 midterm elections cleared the fashion for House Speaker Newt Gingrich to lead a renewed set on on the NEA. Gingrich had chosen for the NEA to be eliminated completely along with the National Endowment for the Humanities and the Corporation for Public Broadcasting. While some in Congress attacked the funding of controversial artists, others argued the endowment was wasteful and elitist.[22] However, despite massive upkeep cutbacks and the terminate of grants to individual artists, Gingrich ultimately failed in his push to eliminate the endowment.

Proposed defunding [edit]

The upkeep outline submitted by and then-president Donald Trump on March 16, 2017, to Congress would eliminate all funding for the program.[23] [24] Congress approved a budget that retained NEA funding. The White Business firm budget proposed for fiscal year 2018 again called for elimination of funding, simply Congress retained the funding for some other year.[25]

Chairpeople [edit]

  • 1965–1969 Roger L. Stevens, appointed past Lyndon B. Johnson
  • 1969–1977 Nancy Hanks, appointed past Richard One thousand. Nixon
  • 1977–1981 Livingston L. Biddle, Jr., appointed past Jimmy Carter
  • 1981–1989 Frank Hodsoll, appointed by Ronald Reagan
  • 1989–1992 John Frohnmayer, appointed by George H. West. Bush
  • 1993–1997 Jane Alexander, appointed by Beak Clinton
  • 1998–2001 Bill Ivey, appointed by Pecker Clinton
  • 2002 Michael P. Hammond, appointed past George W. Bush
  • 2002–2003 Eileen Beth Mason, Acting Chairman, appointed by George W. Bush
  • 2003–2009 Dana Gioia, appointed past George W. Bush
  • 2009 Patrice Walker Powell, Interim Chairman, appointed by Barack Obama[26] [27]
  • 2009–2012 Rocco Landesman, appointed past Barack Obama[28] [29] [30]
  • 2012–2014 Joan Shigekawa, Acting Chairman[31]
  • 2014–2018[32] R. Jane Chu, appointed by Barack Obama[33] [34]
  • 2019–2021[35] Mary Anne Carter, appointed past Donald Trump[36]
  • 2021–Nowadays[37] Maria Rosario Jackson, appointed past Joe Biden.[38]

Nancy Hanks (1969–77) [edit]

Nancy Hanks served as the second Chairman of the NEA (1969-1977) She was appointed by President Richard Nixon, continuing her service nether Gerald Ford. During her eight-year tenure, the NEA's funding increased from $8 meg to $114 million.[ citation needed ]

Co-ordinate to Elaine A. King:

Nancy Hanks maybe was able to achieve her mission because she functioned as a type of benevolent fine art dictator rather than mucking with multiple agendas and political carmine-record. From 1969 through 1977, under Hanks' administration, the Arts Endowment functioned similar a fine piece of oiled machinery. Hanks continuously obtained the requested essential appropriations from Congress because of her genius in implementing the ability of the antechamber system. Although she had non had directly administrative feel in the federal regime, some people were skeptical at the get-go of her term. Those in doubt underestimated her bureaucratic astuteness and her ability to direct this complex cultural office. Richard Nixon'due south early endorsement of the arts benefited the Arts Endowment in several ways. The budget for the Arts Endowment not only increased but also more federal funding became bachelor and numerous programs within the agency.[39]"

Run into also [edit]

  • National Endowment for the Humanities
  • National Heritage Fellowship
  • National Medal of Arts winners
  • NEA Jazz Masters
  • New York Urban center Department of Cultural Diplomacy

References [edit]

Citations [edit]

  1. ^ www.whitehouse.gov
  2. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts. "About The states". Archived from the original on September 1, 2006. Retrieved March 13, 2009.
  3. ^ "United statesC. Championship 20 - Education". www.govinfo.gov . Retrieved 2020-10-02 .
  4. ^ "The 2016 Tony Awards: Winners". Retrieved June 14, 2016.
  5. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts wins Honorary Oscar".
  6. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts: United States of Arts".
  7. ^ Karen Patricia Heath, "Creative scarcity in an age of cloth affluence: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Groovy Lodge liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.one (2017): 5-22. online
  8. ^ [one] [ dead link ]
  9. ^ a b National Endowment for the Arts Appropriations History, NEA
  10. ^ Patricia Cohen (August seven, 2013) Vacancies Hamper Agencies for Arts New York Times.
  11. ^ National Council on the Arts Archived 2010-12-xvi at the Wayback Auto, nea.gov Archived 2008-xi-06 at the Wayback Machine
  12. ^ Neda Ulaby (Manager) (2014-05-15). "In Pricey Cities, Existence A Bohemian Starving Artist Gets Onetime Fast". All Things Considered. NPR. Retrieved 2014-05-31 .
  13. ^ William H. Honan (May 15, 1988). "Volume Discloses That Reagan Planned To Kill National Endowment for Arts". New York Times.
  14. ^ Gioia, Dana (17 February 2017). "For the umpteenth fourth dimension, the National Endowment for the Arts deserves its funding". Los Angeles Times . Retrieved February 20, 2017.
  15. ^ "Frank Hodsoll, NEA chairman who championed arts under Reagan, dies at 78". Washington Post . Retrieved February twenty, 2017.
  16. ^ Paul Monaco (2000). Understanding Society, Civilisation, and Boob tube. Greenwood Publishing Group. pp. 100. ISBN978-0-275-97095-half-dozen.
  17. ^ Quigley, Margaret. "The Mapplethorpe Censorship Controversy". PublicEye.org/Political Research Assembly. Retrieved 2 October 2009.
  18. ^ Kresse, Mary Ellen (January 1, 1991). "Turmoil at the National Endowment for the Arts: Can Federally Funded Human action Sur unded Act Survive the "Mapplethorpe Contr eastward the "Mapplethorpe Controversy" ?". Buffalo Law Review: 44 – via Digital Commons.
  19. ^ Parachini, Changed NEA Likely Fifty-fifty Without Content Rules, 50.A. Times, October. 29, 1990 Online
  20. ^ C. Carr, Timeline of NEA 4 events, franklinfurnace.org
  21. ^ National Endowment for the Arts five. Finley, 524 U.South. 569, (1998).
  22. ^ Hughes, Robert (August 7, 1995). "Pulling the Fuse on Culture". TIME. Archived from the original on Oct ix, 2009. Retrieved October 3, 2009.
  23. ^ Naylor, Brian (March 16, 2017). "Trump Budget Cuts Funding For Arts, Humanities Endowments And Corporation For Public Broadcasting". NPR . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  24. ^ McPhee, Ryan (March 16, 2017). "Trump Assistants'south Budget Proposal Eliminates National Endowment for the Arts". Playbill . Retrieved March 20, 2017.
  25. ^ National Endowment for the Arts Update: Trump FY2018 Budget Proposal Calls for Emptying of NEA Funding
  26. ^ "National Endowment for the Arts Announces New Interim Chairman" Archived 2009-04-04 at the Wayback Automobile, NEA press release dated February 2, 2009 at NEA website.
  27. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Saving Federal Arts Funds: Selling Culture as an Economical Forcefulness," New York Times, Feb 16, 2009.
  28. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Producer Is Chosen to Lead Arts Endowment", New York Times, May 13, 2009.
  29. ^ Davi Napoleon, "Mr. Landesman Goes to Washington" Archived 2009-07-13 at the Wayback Automobile, The Faster Times, June 13, 2009.
  30. ^ Robin Pogrebin, "Rocco Landesman Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts", New York Times, August 7, 2009.
  31. ^ "Argument from National Endowment for the Arts Chairman Rocco Landesman". The National Endowment for the Arts. November 20, 2012. Retrieved Oct xx, 2013.
  32. ^ "Statement from Jane Chu on the Decision of Her Term equally NEA Chair on June iv, 2018 | NEA". www.arts.gov. Archived from the original on 2018-05-03.
  33. ^ "Jane Chu confirmed every bit NEA Chairman after position had been vacant for a year". The Washington Post. July 12, 2014. Retrieved 21 July 2014.
  34. ^ "Jane Chu Confirmed as Chairman of the National Endowment for the Arts". Retrieved June 12, 2014.
  35. ^ "Mary Anne Carter". NEA. 2017-04-04. Retrieved 2020-06-15 .
  36. ^ "Mary Anne Carter Confirmed past Senate as Chairman of National Endowment for the Arts". NASAA . Retrieved 2019-08-06 .
  37. ^ "Maria Rosario Jackson". NEA. 2022-02-17.
  38. ^ "Senate confirms Biden's pick for the National Endowment for the Arts". NEA . Retrieved 2022-02-17 .
  39. ^ Elaine A. King,"Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the U.s.a., 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Force"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).

Sources [edit]

  • Statement from Jane Chu on the Conclusion of Her Term equally NEA Chair on June 4, 2018
  • National Endowment for the Arts (2000). The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Back up for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. OCLC 52401250. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17. Retrieved 2008-05-24 .

Further reading [edit]

  • Arian, Edward. The Unfulfilled Promise: Public Subsidy of the Arts in America (1993)
  • Benedict, Stephen, ed. Public Money and the Muse: Essays on Government Funding for the Arts (1991)
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. "Directions in arts policy history." Journal of Policy History 21.4 (2009): 424–430.
  • Binkiewicz, Donna M. Federalizing the Muse: U.s. Arts Policy and the National Endowment for the Arts, 1965–1980, (U of North Carolina Press, 2004) 312pp., ISBN 0-8078-2878-5.
  • Cowen, Tyler. Good and plenty: The creative successes of American arts funding (Princeton Upwards< 2009).
  • Heath, Karen Patricia. "Artistic scarcity in an age of fabric abundance: President Lyndon Johnson, the National Endowment for the Arts, and Great Order liberalism." European Journal of American Culture 36.1 (2017): 5-22. online
  • Jensen, Richard. "The culture wars, 1965-1995: A historian'southward map." Periodical of Social History (1995): 17–37. online
  • Kammen, Michael. "Civilisation and the Land in America." Journal of American History 83.3 (1996): 791–814. online
  • Rex,Elaine A. "Pluralism in the Visual Arts In the The states, 1965-1978: The National Endowment for the Arts, and Influential Strength"' (Ph.D. Dissertation, Northwestern University, 1986).
  • Levy, Alan Howard. Government and the arts: Debates over federal support of the arts in America from George Washington to Jesse Helms (UP of America, 1997).
  • Love, Jeffrey. "Sorting out our roles: The country arts agencies and the national endowment for the arts." Journal of Arts Direction and Law 21.3 (1991): 215–226.
  • Lowell, Julia F. "State Arts Agencies 1965-2003. Whose Interests to Serve?: (RAND Paper No. RAND/MG-121. RAND CORP, 2004). online
  • Marquis, Alice Goldfarb. Art lessons: Learning from the rising and fall of public arts funding (1995).
  • NEA. National Endowment for the Arts: a cursory history, 1965-2006: an extract --the showtime through the Hanks era (1986) Online free
  • Ottley, Gary, and Richard Hanna. "Practice consumers know plenty to assess the true value of art? A written report of beliefs and attitudes toward the NEA." Journal of Public Affairs 18.2 (2018): e1654.
  • Schuster, J. Mark. "Sub-national cultural policy--where the action is: Mapping state cultural policy in the United states." International journal of cultural policy 8.2 (2002): 181–196.
  • Uy, Michael Sy. Enquire the Experts: How Ford, Rockefeller, and the NEA Changed American Music, (Oxford University Printing, 2020) 270pp.

Primary sources [edit]

  • Alexander, Jane. Command Performance: an Actress in the Theater of Politics. (Public Affairs, 2000) Chairman of the NEA 1993-1997
  • Biddle, Livingston. Our government and the arts: A perspective from the within (1988), drafted NEA legislation; senior NEA official
  • Frohnmayer, John. Leaving Town Alive: Confessions of an Arts Warrior (1992) NEA Chairman 1989 to 1992
  • Straight, Michael. Nancy Hanks: an intimate portrait: the creation of a national commitment to the arts. (1988) Nancy Hanks was NEA Chairman 1969–77; Michael Straight was her deputy chairman.
  • National Endowment for the Arts. The National Endowment for the Arts 1965-2000: A Brief Chronology of Federal Support for the Arts. Washington, DC: National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on 2008-05-17.

External links [edit]

  • Official website
  • National Foundation on the Arts and the Humanities in the Federal Annals
  • publications by and about NEA online free
  • NEA Small Printing Drove From the Rare Book and Special Collections Division at the Library of Congress

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Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts

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